# Gas & Costs

## Estimated Gas Per Operation

Based on EVM gas primitives and the FBA CLOB feasibility report. **These are estimates — actual benchmarks are measured on BSC mainnet.**

| Operation                   | Gas (Low) | Gas (Typical) | Gas (High) |
| --------------------------- | --------- | ------------- | ---------- |
| Place order                 | 180k      | 250k          | 450k       |
| Cancel order                | 60k       | 100k          | 180k       |
| Clear batch (atomic settle) | 1.0M      | 2.0M          | 4.0M       |
| Pyth verify (1 feed)        | 200k      | 300k          | 600k       |
| Create market               | \~440k    | \~440k        | \~440k     |

## Dollar Costs (BSC)

At BNB ≈ $628, across different gas price scenarios:

| Action               | @ 0.05 gwei | @ 0.2 gwei | @ 1.0 gwei |
| -------------------- | ----------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| Place order          | $0.008      | $0.031     | $0.157     |
| Cancel order         | $0.003      | $0.013     | $0.063     |
| Clear batch (atomic) | $0.063      | $0.251     | $1.257     |
| Resolve market       | $0.009      | $0.038     | $0.189     |

BSC's 2026 gas price (\~0.05 gwei) makes all operations sub-cent for users and sub-5-cents for keepers.

## Cost Drivers

### Storage Writes

* `SSTORE_SET` (0→nonzero): 20,000 gas — placing a new order
* `SSTORE_RESET` (nonzero→nonzero): 5,000 gas — updating existing values
* Segment tree updates: \~7 levels × 5,000 gas = \~35,000 gas per update

### Pyth Verification

* Wormhole attestation verification scales linearly with guardian count
* Calldata for signed update payloads: 16 gas per nonzero byte (EIP-2028)
* Single biggest gas component in `resolveMarket()`

### Batch Clearing (Atomic Settlement)

* Segment tree traversal: O(log 99) ≈ 7 iterations
* Result storage: one struct write
* Per-order settlement: unlock, transfer fees, mint tokens, refund excess
* Scales linearly with order count, bounded by MAX\_ORDERS\_PER\_BATCH (1600)
* Settlement is chunked via SETTLE\_CHUNK\_SIZE = 400 per `clearBatch` call

## Optimization Targets

| Metric      | Target | Rationale                                                      |
| ----------- | ------ | -------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Place order | < 250k | Stay within report's typical estimate                          |
| Clear batch | < 4.0M | Ensure keeper costs remain viable (includes atomic settlement) |

Optimization pass in Phase 4 will benchmark real gas usage and adjust struct packing, storage layout, and tree implementation if needed.


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