Gas & Costs

Estimated Gas Per Operation

Based on EVM gas primitives and the FBA CLOB feasibility report. These are estimates — actual benchmarks are measured on BSC mainnet.

Operation	Gas (Low)	Gas (Typical)	Gas (High)
Place order	180k	250k	450k
Cancel order	60k	100k	180k
Clear batch (atomic settle)	1.0M	2.0M	4.0M
Pyth verify (1 feed)	200k	300k	600k
Create market	~440k	~440k	~440k

Dollar Costs (BSC)

At BNB ≈ $628, across different gas price scenarios:

Action	@ 0.05 gwei	@ 0.2 gwei	@ 1.0 gwei
Place order	$0.008	$0.031	$0.157
Cancel order	$0.003	$0.013	$0.063
Clear batch (atomic)	$0.063	$0.251	$1.257
Resolve market	$0.009	$0.038	$0.189

BSC's 2026 gas price (~0.05 gwei) makes all operations sub-cent for users and sub-5-cents for keepers.

Cost Drivers

Storage Writes

• SSTORE_SET (0→nonzero): 20,000 gas — placing a new order

• SSTORE_RESET (nonzero→nonzero): 5,000 gas — updating existing values

• Segment tree updates: ~7 levels × 5,000 gas = ~35,000 gas per update

Pyth Verification

• Wormhole attestation verification scales linearly with guardian count

• Calldata for signed update payloads: 16 gas per nonzero byte (EIP-2028)

• Single biggest gas component in resolveMarket()

Batch Clearing (Atomic Settlement)

• Segment tree traversal: O(log 99) ≈ 7 iterations

• Result storage: one struct write

• Per-order settlement: unlock, transfer fees, mint tokens, refund excess

• Scales linearly with order count, bounded by MAX_ORDERS_PER_BATCH (1600)

• Settlement is chunked via SETTLE_CHUNK_SIZE = 400 per clearBatch call

Optimization Targets

Metric	Target	Rationale
Place order	< 250k	Stay within report's typical estimate
Clear batch	< 4.0M	Ensure keeper costs remain viable (includes atomic settlement)

Optimization pass in Phase 4 will benchmark real gas usage and adjust struct packing, storage layout, and tree implementation if needed.